Method And Apparatus For Medical Imaging Using Differencing Of Multiple Fluorophores

ABSTRACT

A method of generating corrected fluorescence data of concentrations of a targeted fluorophore in tissue of a subject includes administering first and second fluorescent contrast agents to the subject, the first contrast agent targeted to tissue of interest, the second agent untargeted. The tissue is illuminated with light of a first stimulus wavelength and first data is acquired at an appropriate emissions wavelength; the tissue is illuminated at a second stimulus wavelength and second data is acquired at a second emissions wavelength associated with the second agent, the first and second emissions wavelength differ. Difference data is generated by subtracting the second data from the first data. A system provides for stimulus and capture at multiple wavelengths, with image storage memory and subtraction code, to perform the method. Corrected data may form an fluorescence image, or is used to generate fluorescence tomographic images.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent application 61/764,506 filed 13 Feb. 2013.

The application is also related to the subject matter of PCT/US13/24400 filed Feb. 1, 2013, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional patent application 61/594,862 filed Feb. 3, 2012.

This application is also related to PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US13/20352 filed 4 Jan. 2013, which claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/583,092, filed Jan. 4, 2012.

This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/145,505, filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Jul. 20, 2011, which is a U.S. National Phase application of PCT Patent Application PCT/US09/66839 filed Dec. 4, 2009, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/145,900.

This application is also related to PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US13/22266 filed Jan. 18, 2013, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/588,708, filed Jan. 20, 2012. The disclosures of the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT INTEREST

This invention was made with government support under grant numbers R01 CA109558, K25 CA138578, and R01 CA120368 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

Fluorescence-based medical imaging has been proposed for detecting and mapping tumor, and other abnormal, tissues in organs such as, but not limited to, breast and brain; in particular fluorescence-based imaging is believed to be useful in identifying abnormal tissues during surgery so that a surgeon may remove more abnormal tissue while avoiding damage to nearby normal tissues.

A fluorophore is a compound, synthetic (like Fluorescein), naturally occurring, a byproduct of metabolism of a prodrug, or, like Protoporphyrin IX, both naturally occurring in tissue and a byproduct of metabolism of a prodrug, that may be present in mammalian tissue. Each molecule of fluorophore has the ability to absorb one or more photons of light of a first, or stimulus, wavelength, thereby raising the molecule to an excited energy state; the molecule may then drop to another energy state by emitting at least one photon of light at one or more second, or emission, wavelengths. The stimulus wavelength is typically shorter than the emissions wavelength. The stimulus and emissions wavelengths may be in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared portions of the spectrum.

Typical fluorescence-based medical imaging systems have an imaging optical system adapted to focus light at the emissions wavelength onto a photodetector array. Such systems have a stimulus light source that provides light that includes the stimulus wavelength but excluding the emissions wavelength. The stimulus light source may be a laser, a light-emitting diode, or a lamp, typically combined with a stimulus wavelength-selective device such as a band-pass filter for eliminating stray emissions-wavelength light. The stimulus light source is arranged to provide light to the tissue, in some systems directly and in others through lenses of the optical system. Typically, the optical system has a receiving wavelength-selective device, such as a long-wavelength-pass receiving filter that blocks light at the stimulus wavelength, for excluding stimulus light from the detector while allowing fluorescence emissions-wavelength light reach the detector. Images captured from the photodetector array typically are processed by an imaging processing system, and prepared for presentation on a display system.

Systems are known that can be adapted for fluorescence-based imaging of different fluorophores. In typical systems, both the stimulus wavelength-selective device and the receiving wavelength-selective device are replaceable to adapt the system for use with different fluorophores. In one such system type, both stimulus and receiving wavelength-selective devices are on rotary disk mounts that may have a clear or neutral-density device in a different position on the disk than the receiving device, such that white light images may also be obtained. In a particular embodiment, a stimulus-filter disk has filters adapted for white light and two or more stimulus filters, with each stimulus filter adapted for operation with a different fluorophore; similarly the receiving-filter disk has filters adapted for white light and two or more receive filters, with each receive filter adapted for operation with a different fluorophore. In other systems, separate stimulus light sources may be provided for white light imaging and for use with each desired fluorophore.

Existing fluorescence-based imaging systems often suffer from a lack of contrast, in part because some normal tissue constituents are fluorophores, and in part because fluorophores administered as contrast agents to tissue are concentrated in tissue to varying degrees. In particular, some exogenous fluorophores bound to tissue-selective molecules, such as antibodies, may merely be more strongly retained by abnormal than normal tissues, leaving a substantial background level of fluorophore in normal tissue that may obscure visibility of fluorophore concentrations in abnormal tissue.

Diffuse-optical fluorescence tomography (FTI) systems are known. In order to reconstruct a three-dimensional model of fluorescent emissions in tissue, these systems typically are adapted to acquire either a sequence of images, or a sequence of light emissions data at specific points on a surface of the tissue, with each image or light emissions datum captured with light applied to different points on the tissue surface either by scanning a light source or by applying stimulus wavelength light sequentially through optical fibers and optodes positioned at specific points on tissue surface. These systems typically construct a voxel-based three dimensional model of light propagation and fluorescent emissions in the tissue and solve for light scattering, absorbance, and fluorophore concentration at each voxel. Voxel-based modeling and parameter reconstructions require good contrast in images for proper reconstruction.

Planar fluorescent imaging (PFI) and FTI are useful in physiological studies of small animals, and in the diagnosis and treatment of various lesions, including malignant lesions of the breast, in larger organisms including humans.

SUMMARY

It is desirable to enhance contrast in fluorescence imaging, in both planar and tomographic systems, and to provide improved discrimination between tissue types, including abnormal and normal tissue types.

A method of generating corrected fluorescence data of concentrations of a targeted fluorophore in tissue of a subject, includes administering first and second fluorescent contrast agents to the subject, the first contrast agent targeted to tissue of interest, and the second agent untargeted. The tissue is then illuminated by light of a first stimulus wavelength and first data is acquired at a first emissions wavelength associated with the first agent; the tissue is then illuminated at a second stimulus wavelength and second data is acquired at a second emissions wavelength associated with the second agent, where the first and second emissions wavelength differ. Corrected data is generated by subtracting the second data from the first data. A system is configured with stimulus and capture at multiple wavelengths, with image storage memory and subtraction code, to perform the method. Corrected data may form a fluorescence image, or be used to generate fluorescence tomographic images.

In alternative embodiments, both tracers are stimulated simultaneously by combining multiple stimulus wavelengths and using intelligent emission filtering to distinguish concentration of the fluorophores from differences in emission spectra associated with each fluorophore, and in some embodiments both contrast agents are stimulated by a single illumination source if the agents have significantly different emission spectrums.

In an embodiment, a method of generating corrected fluorescence data of concentrations of a targeted fluorophore in tissue of a subject, includes administering a first fluorescent contrast agent to the subject, the first contrast agent selected from the group consisting of tissue-targeted agents containing the targeted fluorophore and agents containing a tissue-targeted prodrug metabolizable into the targeted fluorophore; administering a second fluorescent contrast agent to the subject, the second contrast agent non-tissue-targeted and containing a second fluorophore; illuminating tissue of the subject with light of a first stimulus wavelength; acquiring first data at a first emissions wavelength associated with the first fluorophore; acquiring second data at a second emissions wavelength associated with the second fluorophore, the second emissions wavelength differing from the first emissions wavelength; and subtracting the second data from the first data to provide the corrected fluorescence data.

An embodiment includes a system for generating corrected fluorescence data of concentrations of a targeted fluorophore in tissue of a subject, having apparatus for generating and illuminating tissue with light of a first stimulus wavelength; apparatus for generating and illuminating tissue with light of a second stimulus wavelength; photodetector apparatus adaptable to capture first data at a first emissions wavelength, and to capture second data at a second emissions wavelength; a memory configured to store first data and second data; a processor configured with machine readable code in the memory to scale at least one of first and second data, and to generate corrected data by subtracting the second data from first data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a fluorescent imaging system, in an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an optical subsystem with scanned stimulus lasers and sensing cameras of an alternative embodiment of a fluorescent imaging system.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an optical subsystem with scanned stimulus lasers and sensing cameras of another alternative embodiment of a fluorescent imaging system.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an optical subsystem with stimulus and sensing hardware of another alternative embodiment of a fluorescent imaging system.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an optical subsystem with stimulus and sensing hardware of yet another alternative embodiment of a fluorescent imaging system.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method for contrast enhancement for a fluorescent imaging system, in an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

A fluorescent imaging system 100 (FIG. 1) has an optical subsystem 102, 108, 110, 109 (FIG. 1, 2, 3, or 4) an interface subsystem 104, and an image processing system 106. In various embodiments, the optical subsystem 102 may be integrated with a surgical microscope 112 as illustrated in FIG. 1, may have a fluorescence camera 114 integrated with a surgical microscope 112 having a lens subsystem 161, may have multiple fluorescence cameras 116 and scanned-laser stimulus light sources 118, 118A as illustrated in FIG. 2 or 2A, may have a single fluorescence camera 120 mounted on a motorized track 122 as illustrated in FIG. 3, may have multiple laser stimulus light sources 124, 125 coupled through optical fibers 126 and optodes to tissue 128, with additional optodes coupled through fibers 130 to a multichannel spectrally-selective or spectrographic detector 132 or may have another configuration not shown. It is anticipated that many of the principles described herein are also applicable to both imaging systems similar to that of FIG. 1, and nonimaging, multiple-probepoint diffuse-optical systems resembling that of FIG. 4. The optical system configuration is determined by a particular application of the fluorescent imaging system and a depth in tissue at which it is desired to determine fluorophore concentrations.

While digital images acquired by a system as illustrated in FIG. 1 may directly represent surface fluorophore concentrations, it is anticipated that machine readable instructions in memory 160 of nonimaging, multiple-probepoint, systems, such as that of FIG. 4, includes machine readable instructions for reconstructing three dimensional models distribution of fluorophore in tissue from data acquired from the detector 132. In certain embodiments, this is done in a manner similar to that of prior diffuse optical imaging systems. This may be done by sequentially illuminating tissue with a stimulus-wavelength light at each of a plurality of locations on tissue through fibers or with a scanning laser, and measuring fluorescent emissions light, and in some embodiments stimulus light, at multiple locations on tissue surface. Then, a voxel-based model of light propagation and fluorescence in tissue, with parameters at each voxel for fluorophore concentration, attenuation, and scattering in the tissue is generated. The model parameters at each voxel are then fit to the measurements of emissions, and in some embodiments stimulus light, to generate a map of fluorophore concentration in tissue.

In each embodiment, stimulus light sources 118, such as stimulus lasers 124, 125, scanned-laser stimulus light source 118A, broadband lamps 134 or white LEDs operating in conjunction with a rotary filter disk 136, or colored LEDs 138, are controlled through interface subsystem 104 by processor 140 of image processing system 106. In all embodiments, light from stimulus light sources is coupled directly or indirectly through the optical system to illuminate any tissue in an imaging area, such as tissue 128, 145, or any tissue (not shown) in cavity 119, 121. Tissue 128, 145, or any tissue (not shown) in cavity 119, 121, may have an included nonhomogenicity such as a tumor 153.

In each embodiment, light, including emissions light, from tissue 128, 145, or any tissue (not shown) in cavity 119, 121, is imaged or detected by a detector, such as multichannel spectrally-selective or spectrographic detector 132, or fluorescence cameras 114, 116, 120. Each fluorescence camera has a broadband photodetector array 147 in an electronic camera 149 that is configured to receive light from tissue or the optical system through a lens and a rotary filter disk 151. Signals from fluorescence cameras or photodetectors of each imaging system are received through interface subsystem 104 into image processing system 106. A particular multichannel spectrographic detector embodiment has an N-channel spectrographic detector using an N by M photodetector array circuit. In this embodiment, light received from a sensing line across tissue is admitted through a spectrally dispersive device such as a prism or diffraction grating, such that light from each of N points, or pixels, along the sensing line is spread by wavelength across M photodetectors of the Nth row or column of the detector array. A scanning mirror is configured to scan the line across a field of view of the optical system to provide an image with spectrographic data at each pixel of the image.

Image processing system 106 has a memory 160 coupled to processor 140, the memory 160 configured with machine readable code of fluorescence imaging routines 162. The fluorescence imaging routines include routines 164 for performing a multiple-tracer background-subtraction image-processing procedure as discussed below. In at least a first mode, the multiple-tracer background-subtraction image-processing routines are configured to perform the following:

-   -   a) using the stimulus light sources 118, 118A illuminate tissue         with a first predetermined stimulus wavelength;     -   b) using the fluorescence camera 114, 116, obtain a first image         or data at at least a first fluorescence wavelength;     -   c) using the stimulus light sources 118, 118A illuminate tissue         with a second predetermined stimulus wavelength;     -   d) using the fluorescence camera 114, 116, obtain a second image         or data at at least a second fluorescence wavelength;     -   e) scale one or more of the first and second images or data such         that background fluorescence may be eliminated by differencing         the first and second images; and     -   f) difference the first and second images to produce a         difference image.

The system also incorporates drug or prodrug administration apparatus 191, which in an embodiment includes an intraveinous solution supply 192, a first syringe 193, syringe-pump, or other solution dispensing device, an optional second syringe 194 or syringe-pump, and associated IV tubing and catheters such that an agent in the first and second syringe may be administered to a subject. In an embodiment, a first fluorescent contrast agent utilizing a first fluorophore or a prodrug metabolized to the first fluorophore is provided in the first syringe, and a second fluorescent contrast agent utilizing a second fluorophore is provided in the second syringe, or in other embodiments is mixed with the first contrast agent in the first syringe.

The first and second fluorophores are chosen such that they may be readily distinguished. In an embodiment. the first and second fluorophores have different fluorescent emissions wavelengths and the system is configured such that the first emissions wavelength is an emissions wavelength of the first fluorophore, and the second wavelength is an emissions wavelength of the second fluorophore. The first stimulus wavelength is chosen to optimize imaging of concentrations of the first fluorophore in tissue, and the second stimulus wavelength is chosen to optimize imaging of concentrations of the second fluorophore in tissue; in many embodiments the first and second stimulus wavelengths are different. In an alternative embodiment, the first and second fluorophores are distinguishable because they have different peak stimulus wavelengths, in this embodiment the first stimulus wavelength is chosen to optimize imaging of concentrations of the first fluorophore in tissue while minimizing imaging of the second fluorophore, and the second stimulus wavelength is chosen to optimize imaging of concentrations of the second fluorophore in tissue while minimizing imaging of the first fluorophore.

In some embodiments, the first fluorophore is a product of metabolism of a prodrug in tissue, such as protoporphyrin IX produced from 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), in other embodiments the first fluorophore is a fluorescent substance.

In an embodiment, the first and second contrast agents are chosen to have differing affinity to at least one tissue type in tissue 145, in some such embodiments the first agent may be a fluorescent-labeled antibody to a protein associated with tumor 153 such that the first agent will concentrate in tumor 153 relative to surrounding tissue. In these embodiments, the second agent is chosen such that it does not concentrate in tumor 153 to the same extent as the first agent. In other embodiments, the first agent is a prodrug metabolized in tissue to first fluorophore at a different rate in tumor 153 than in surrounding normal tissue.

The system is operated according to the method 200 of FIG. 5. A first contrast agent is administered 202 to a subject, typically by injection from administration apparatus 191 into a blood vessel such that the contrast agent is transported to tissue 128, 145, or tissue (not shown) that may be in cavity 119, 121. A second contrast agent is also administered 204 to the subject. In a particular embodiment, the first and second contrast agents are mixed, optionally in a single syringe, such as first syringe 193, and injected simultaneously into the same blood vessel. One of these contrast agents such as the second agent, may be a nonselective fluorescent agent containing a second fluorophore, the other agent, such as the first agent, is a selective fluorescent agent such as an antibody tagged with a first fluorophore that concentrates in particular types of tissue, such as tumor 153. In an alternative embodiment, the first agent is a prodrug, such as 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) that is metabolized in tissue into a first fluorophore such as protoporphyrin IX. Sufficient time is allowed after administration of the first agent for the first agent to concentrate in tissue, or for the prodrug to be metabolized into the first fluorophore.

Once the fluorophores are in place in tissue 128, 145, or tissue (not shown) that may be in cavity 119, 121, processor 140 operating under control of imaging routines 162 triggers illumination 206 of the tissue with light of a first stimulus wavelength suitable for inducing emitted light from the first fluorophore. In doing so, processor 140 turns on a first stimulus illuminator, such as laser 124. In other embodiments, processor 140 rotates rotary filter disk 136 to position a filter suitable for passing light of the first stimulus wavelength in front of lamp 134 and activates the lamp 134. The processor 140 operating under control of imaging routines 162 also adjusts rotary filter-changers, such as filter 151, of the fluorescent cameras 114, 116, or 120, to a filter that blocks light of the first stimulus wavelength but passes light of a first emitted wavelength that may be emitted by the first fluorophore.

While light of the first stimulus wavelength illuminates the tissue, light of the first emitted wavelength from the first fluorophore is captured by the optical system and capture or imaged 208 by fluorescent cameras 114, 116, 120, or captured 208 by multichannel spectrally-selective or spectrographic detector 132. Images from the cameras, or data from the detector, is passed through interface subsystem 104 into processing system 106, where it is stored as a first-fluorophore image 165 or, in nonimaging systems, a first reconstructed three-dimensional model of fluorophore distribution.

Processor 140 operating under control of imaging routines 162 then triggers illumination 210 of the tissue with light of a second stimulus wavelength suitable for inducing emitted light from the second fluorophore. In doing so, processor 140 may turn on a second stimulus illuminator, such as laser 125. In other embodiments, processor 140 rotates rotary filter disk 136 to position a filter suitable for passing light of the second stimulus wavelength in front of lamp 134 and activates the lamp 134. The processor 140, operating under control of imaging routines 162, also adjusts rotary filter-changers, such as filter 151, of the fluorescent cameras 114, 116, or 120, to a filter that blocks light of the second stimulus wavelength but passes light of a second emitted wavelength that may be emitted by the second fluorophore.

While light of the second stimulus wavelength illuminates the tissue, light of the second emitted wavelength from the second fluorophore is captured 212 by the optical system and imaged by fluorescent cameras 114, 116, 120, or captured by multichannel spectrally-selective or spectrographic detector 132. Images from the cameras, or data from the detector, is passed through interface subsystem 104 into processing system 106, where it is stored as a second-fluorophore image 167, or, in nonimaging embodiments, a second three-dimensional model of fluorophore distribution.

In an alternative embodiment, the first and second stimulus wavelength may be the same, however the first and second emitted wavelengths must then differ to permit distinguishing emitted light from the first and second fluorophores.

In some embodiments, a third, white-light, illuminator 166, may be activated, or a filter of rotary filter-changer 136 is rotated to a neutral-density filter to illuminate 214 the tissue with white light. Similarly, filter 151 of the camera is rotated to a neutral density filter; a white-light image is then captured 216.

One or both of the first (selective) fluorophore image 165 and second (nonselective) fluorophore image 167 are scaled 218 such that the intensity of background in the first image approximately matches intensity of the second image, the second image is then subtracted 220 from the first image to form a corrected or difference image 169, or, in nonimaging embodiments, a corrected three dimensional model of targeted fluorophore concentrations. The scaling compensates for differences in overall concentration of the two fluorophores, as well as differences in stimulus wavelength intensity, fluorescent photon efficiency, and other factors.

In fluorescent tomographic applications, typically those having the optical system of FIG. 2 or 4 although other configurations are anticipated, the difference image 169 is then used in further processing 222 to reconstruct tomographic images of the tissue. In planar imaging applications, typically having an optical system of FIG. 1 or 3 although other configurations are anticipated, the corrected image or dataset may be color-coded and superimposed on white light images by superimposed processing routines in memory 160 to assist a surgeon in locating fluorophore concentrations in tissue, or otherwise processed. Resulting images are then displayed 224 on a monitor 195.

Results with Fluorescent Tomography

In a particular Fluorescent Tomography (FT) embodiment having laser stimulus illuminators, and an optical system resembling that of FIG. 4, one laser was configured at a wavelength of 635 nm and the other configured at a wavelength of 755 nm. The lasers were pulsed at 40 MHz, 180 degrees out of phase from each other. Each laser beam was passed through a 10-nm band-pass filter centered at the respective wavelengths of the lasers to eliminate stray light at other wavelengths, before both beams were coupled into stimulus optical fibers for illuminating tissue, and through a distributor 127 such that the lasers illuminate stimulus fibers individually.

The embodiment was tested with phantom having a first contrast agent having first fluorophore concentrated in an inclusion, with a background level of first fluorophore in the remainder of the phantom with a 4:1 contrast ratio between the inclusion and background. A second contrast agent containing a second fluorophore as present throughout the phantom.

The embodiment was also tested with a mouse model, each mouse having a culture human glioma growing on it. With the mouse model, the first, selective, contrast agent was a tagged fluorescent agent targeting epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) IRDye 800CW-EGF from LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, Nebr. The second, nonselective, contrast agent was Alexa Fluor 647 from Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y., with its ester binding site inactivated; in an alternative embodiment Alexa Fluor 750 from the same source was used as the second, nonselective, fluorophore. The agents were administered to the mouse.

Data was captured by the multichannel spectrally-selective or spectrographic detector 132 using the phantom at first and second fluorophore emission wavelengths with the phantom illuminated through each optical fiber 126. The first fluorophore data was corrected by subtracting scaled data taken of the second fluorophore as herein described to provide corrected data.

Fluorescent tomographic images of the inclusion were successfully reconstructed from the corrected data by constructing a voxel-based model having parameters for fluorophore concentration, light scattering, and light emissions at each voxel, and fitting these parameters to the corrected data; images are then generated by mapping voxels to pixels of an image. Similarly, data was captured from tissue of the mouse at first and second fluorophore emission wavelengths, corrected as described, and tomographic images of the mouse successfully resolving the glioma were constructed.

Planar Resolution of Fluorescent Agents in Tissue

In another experimental embodiment, an optical system similar to that of FIG. 2A, was tested using a mouse model. A human glioma was grow in an immune-deficient mouse, and first and second contrast agents administered 202, 204. The second or untargeted fluorescence agent was a carboxylate form of IRDye 700DX NHS Ester; LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, Nebr., and the first or targeted contrast agent was an EGFR-targeted fluorescence reporter IRDye 800CW EGF; LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, Nebr. The mouse was then placed in cavity 119A with tissue covering the glioma dissected away to expose the glioma. A first image was captured 208 of the first contrast agent in the glioma and surrounding tissue as illuminated by a scanned-laser stimulus source operating at a first stimulus wavelength. A second image was captured 212 of the second contrast agent in the glioma and surrounding tissue as illuminated by a scanned-laser stimulus source operating at a second stimulus wavelength. The second image was then scaled and subtracted from the first image to provide a corrected image. The corrected image was found to provide better contrast between glioma and surrounding tissue. Corrected images captured within 20 minutes of administration of the fluorescent contrast agents were found to resolve the glioma, where much longer delays between administration and imaging were required without the dual-agent, background subtraction, method herein described.

CONCLUSION

It is noted that both the targeted or selective first contrast agent and the untargeted or unselective second contrast agent of each tracer pair used should have similar transport kinetics (i.e., vascular permeability), similar plasma pharmacokinetics, and similar levels of nonspecific uptake and binding in tissue. The present system is particularly suited for use with fluorophores having emissions light spectra in the near-infrared range.

It is anticipated that the dual-agent, background subtraction, method herein described may operate with any combination of the described stimulus light sources, for example but not limitation the optical path of FIG. 1 is expected to be operable with scanned-laser light sources, and the optical path of FIG. 2A may provide planar images using unscanned, filtered, light sources or light emitting diodes.

It is anticipated that the dual-agent, background subtraction, fluorescent imaging method herein described may be adapted to performing both planar fluorescent imaging, and to performing fluorescent tomographic imaging with appropriate optical systems and image postprocessing.

It is anticipated that the fluorescent imaging system herein described may be combined with tracking systems for determining precise relative locations of the optical system and a subject, the tissue being located in the subject; and adapted to register fluorescent images with white light images, and to register those images with preoperative CT and/or MRI images. In particular, it is anticipated that the fluorescent imaging system may be adapted to use an optical system of a stereo operating microscope that is equipped with intraoperative stereovision surface mapping and tissue-and-tumor-displacement modeling features as described in PCT/US PCT/US13/24400, such that intraoperative fluorescent images may be compared with preoperative CT and MRI images that have been corrected for intraoperative tissue displacement, such that a surgeon may ensure complete removal of tumor tissue as seen in preoperative imaging, as well as in intraoperative fluorescent images.

Combinations

It is anticipated that the systems herein described may be implemented with various combinations of features, and used with various pairs of differing fluorophores. Some of those anticipated combinations are as follows:

A system designated A for generating corrected fluorescence data of concentrations of a targeted fluorophore in tissue of a subject, includes apparatus configured for illuminating tissue with light of a first stimulus wavelength; and for illuminating tissue with light of a second stimulus wavelength. The system also has photodetector apparatus adaptable to capture a first data at a first emissions wavelength while tissue is illuminated with light of the first stimulus wavelength, and to capture a second data at a second emissions wavelength while tissue is illuminated with light of the second stimulus wavelength, and an image processing system with a memory configured to store the first data and second data and a processor. At least the first and second emissions wavelengths are different wavelengths. The processor is configured with machine readable code in the memory to scale at least one of the first and second data, and to generate difference data by subtracting the second data from first data.

A system designated AA including the system designated A wherein the first and second data, and the difference data, are digital images.

A system designated AB including the system designated A or AA wherein the first and second stimulus wavelength are different wavelengths.

A system designated AC including the system designated AA wherein the first data represents data acquired by at least one multichannel photodetector with the tissue illuminated at each of a plurality of discrete points in succession, the machine readable code further comprises instructions for reconstructing a first three dimensional model of first fluorophore distribution in tissue from the first data, and a second three dimensional model of second fluorophore distribution in tissue from the second data, and the instructions for deriving the difference data operate by differencing voxels of the first and second three dimensional models.

A system designated ACA including the system designated A, AA, AB, or AC further comprising apparatus configured for administering a contrast agent, the apparatus configured for administering a contrast agent containing a contrast agent including a first contrast agent comprising a substance consisting of substance selected from the group consisting of a prodrug metabolizable into a first fluorophore and a tissue-selective agent comprising a first fluorophore; and a second contrast agent comprising a second fluorophore; wherein the first fluorophore emits light of the first emissions wavelength when stimulated by light of the first stimulus wavelength, and the second fluorophore emits light of the second emissions wavelength when stimulated by light of the second stimulus wavelength.

A system designated ACB including the system designated ACA wherein the first contrast agent comprises a prodrug metabolizable into the first fluorophore.

A system designated ACC including the system designated ACA wherein the first contrast agent comprises a fluorescent-labeled antibody.

A system designated AD including the system designated A, AA, AB, AC, ACA, ACB, or ACC further comprising in the memory superposition routines adapted for superimposing the difference data on a white-light image.

A method designated B of generating corrected fluorescence data of concentrations of a targeted fluorophore in tissue of a subject, including: administering a first fluorescent contrast agent to the subject, the first contrast agent selected from the group consisting of tissue-targeted agents containing the targeted fluorophore and agents containing a tissue-targeted prodrug metabolizable by tissue into the targeted fluorophore; and administering a second fluorescent contrast agent to the subject, the second contrast agent containing a second fluorophore and having tissue affinity differing from that of the first contrast agent. The method continues with illuminating tissue of the subject with light of a first stimulus wavelength; acquiring first data at a first emissions wavelength associated with the targeted fluorophore; and acquiring second data at a second emissions wavelength associated with the second fluorophore, the second emissions wavelength different from the first emissions wavelength. Once the data is acquired, the method includes subtracting the second data from the first data to provide the corrected fluorescence data. The method assumes that the first fluorophore emits light of the first emissions wavelength when stimulated by light of the first stimulus wavelength, and the second fluorophore emits light of the second emissions wavelength when stimulated by light of the second stimulus wavelength.

A method designated BA including the method designated B wherein each of the first data, second data, and corrected fluorescence data, are digital images.

A method designated BB including the method designated B wherein the first data represents data acquired by a multichannel photodetector with the tissue illuminated at each of a plurality of points, and further comprising reconstructing a tomographic model of fluorophore distribution in the tissue.

A method designated BC including the method designated B, BA, or BB, further comprising scaling at least one member of the group consisting of the second data and the first data prior to the step of subtracting.

A method designated BD including the method designated B, BA, BB, or BC wherein the first and second emissions wavelengths are different.

A method designated BE including the method designated B, BA, BB, BC or BD wherein the first and second stimulus wavelengths are different.

A method designated BF including the method designated B, BA, BB, BC, BD, or BE wherein the first contrast agent comprises a prodrug metabolizable into the first fluorophore.

A method designated BG including the method designated B, BA, BB, BC, BD, or BE wherein the first contrast agent comprises a fluorescent-labeled antibody.

A method designated BI including the method designated B, BA, BB, BC, BD, BE, BF, or BG and further including obtaining a white-light image, and superimposing the corrected difference data on the white-light image.

Changes may be made in the above methods and systems without departing from the scope hereof. It should thus be noted that the matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method and system, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. 

1. A system for generating difference fluorescence data of concentrations of fluorophores in tissue of a subject, comprising: apparatus configured for generating, and illuminating tissue with, light of a first stimulus wavelength; apparatus configured for generating and illuminating tissue with light of a second stimulus wavelength; photodetector apparatus adaptable to capture a first data at a first emissions wavelength while tissue is illuminated with light of the first stimulus wavelength, and to capture a second data at a second emissions wavelength while tissue is illuminated with light of the second stimulus wavelength; a memory configured to store the first data and second data; where at least the first and second emissions wavelengths are different wavelengths; a processor configured with machine readable code in the memory to scale at least one of the first and second data, and to generate difference data by subtracting the second data from first data.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the first and second data, and the difference data, are digital images.
 3. The system of claim 2 wherein the first and second stimulus wavelength are different wavelengths.
 4. The system of claim 1, 2, or 82 further comprising apparatus configured for administering a contrast agent, the apparatus configured for administering a contrast agent containing a contrast agent comprising: a first contrast agent comprising a substance consisting of substance selected from the group consisting of a prodrug metabolizable into a first fluorophore and a tissue-selective agent comprising a first fluorophore; and a second contrast agent comprising a second fluorophore; wherein the first fluorophore emits light of the first emissions wavelength when stimulated by light of the first stimulus wavelength, and the second fluorophore emits light of the second emissions wavelength when stimulated by light of the second stimulus wavelength.
 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the first contrast agent comprises a prodrug metabolizable into the first fluorophore.
 6. The system of claim 4 wherein the first contrast agent comprises a fluorescent-labeled antibody.
 7. The system of claim 4 further comprising superposition routines in the memory adapted for superimposing the difference data on a white-light image.
 8. The system of claim 1 wherein: the first data represents data acquired by at least one multichannel photodetector with the tissue illuminated at each of a plurality of discrete points in succession, the machine readable code further comprises instructions for reconstructing a first three dimensional model of first fluorophore distribution in tissue from the first data, and a second three dimensional model of second fluorophore distribution in tissue from the second data, and the machine readable instructions for determining the difference data are configured to subtract voxels of the second three dimensional model from corresponding voxels of the first three dimensional model.
 9. A method of generating corrected fluorescence data of concentrations of a targeted fluorophore in tissue of a subject, comprising: administering a first fluorescent contrast agent to the subject, the first contrast agent selected from the group consisting of tissue-targeted agents containing the targeted fluorophore and agents containing a tissue-targeted prodrug metabolizable into the targeted fluorophore; administering a second fluorescent contrast agent to the subject, the second contrast agent having tissue affinity differing from a tissue affinity of the first contrast agent and containing a second fluorophore; illuminating tissue of the subject with light of a first stimulus wavelength; acquiring first data at a first emissions wavelength associated with the targeted fluorophore; acquiring second data at a second emissions wavelength associated with the second fluorophore, the second emissions wavelength different from the first emissions wavelength; and scaling data selected from the first and second data; and subtracting the second data from the first data to provide the corrected fluorescence data; wherein the first fluorophore emits light of the first emissions wavelength when stimulated by light of the first stimulus wavelength, and the second fluorophore emits light of the second emissions wavelength when stimulated by light of the second stimulus wavelength.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein each of the first data, second data, and corrected fluorescence data, are digital images.
 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the first data represents data acquired by a multichannel photodetector with the tissue illuminated at each of a plurality of points, and further comprising reconstructing a tomographic model of fluorophore distribution in the tissue.
 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising scaling at least one member of the group consisting of the second data and the first data prior to the step of subtracting.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the first and second emissions wavelengths are different.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the first and second stimulus wavelengths are different.
 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the first contrast agent comprises a prodrug metabolizable into the first fluorophore.
 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the first contrast agent comprises a fluorescent-labeled antibody.
 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising: obtaining a white-light image, and superimposing the corrected difference data on the white-light image.
 18. The system of claim 8 further comprising apparatus configured for administering a contrast agent, the apparatus configured for administering a contrast agent containing a contrast agent comprising: a first contrast agent comprising a substance consisting of substance selected from the group consisting of a prodrug metabolizable into a first fluorophore and a tissue-selective agent comprising a first fluorophore; and a second contrast agent comprising a second fluorophore; wherein the first fluorophore emits light of the first emissions wavelength when stimulated by light of the first stimulus wavelength, and the second fluorophore emits light of the second emissions wavelength when stimulated by light of the second stimulus wavelength.
 19. the system of claim 18 wherein the first contrast agent is a prodrug metabolizable into the first fluorophore. 